The Penetentiary A Life Story - 995 Words

Where am I now? The slammer. As shrivelled and blackened as my heart is, I don’t deserve this. Every morning, the fresh air of freedom rushes through the cold steel bars of no return. The stench is appalling. The bed is no treat; it is rife with cold sweat. I’ve done things. Things no man ever should. There’s no going back now. I’m in this godforsaken hell hole for the long haul. I retreat into myself in an attempt to block out the cruel sounds of the prison morning. The faint barking of rabid guard dogs seem to echo through the complex, ricocheting off of any surface like the lost souls of convicts. And here I lie amongst them. The dogs aren’t the only things that bark around here: the vicious snaps of the heartless wardens strike fear through the best of us. Occasional gang taunts reverberate down the vast lonely halls. But these ones that are all talk, they’re easy. Not a problem. When blood is spilled, it happens from out of nowhere. Always for a reason. I awaken. â€Å"Frank.† I turn round, snapping out of my thoughts, to see the dark haired man whom I trust with my life, Joe. â€Å"What is it, buddy?† I replied with interest. â€Å"Watch yourself today. I hear that Jon Lee stole Bobo’s contraband. Bobo and his boys gonna’ whoop his ass real good. Don’t get involved. Keep your head down. Stay safe.† He looked at me with eyes that said â€Å"I mean it this time†. At exactly 8 am, the warden came marching down the hall, violently bashing his baton off every surface he could with maliciousShow MoreRelatedO Henry3034 Words   |  13 Pagesthe short story  ». He has been called many things. Some people have called him the twentieth-century Balzak. Some have called him the American Maupassant because of his so well made surprising endings. The short story is the one fundamental and self-contained genre in American prose fiction, and the stories of O. Henry certainly made their appearance in consequence of the prolonged and incessant cultivation of the genre The real O. Henry is found in an irony pervading all his stories, in a keen

Obedience Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 564 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Reputation Essay Did you like this example? Obedience Summary Stanley Milgrams experiments are some of the most recognized behavior experiments in psychology today. Milgrams most known experiment was ‘shocking’ to people and has also been controversial ethically. As Ian Parker stated it would â€Å"make his name and destroy his reputation. † Parkers Obedience essay talks much of Milgrams life before the experiment and how the psychology community thought about his ethics. Parker talks of Milgram struggling to place his findings in a scientific context until he put them in a place to make sense of the Holocaust. While always using the Holocaust as context for his experiments he often compared his work to Adolf Eichmann’s who was put on trial in Jerusalem in 1961. Milgram published his first obedience paper in 1963 where he placed Eichmann’s name in the first paragraph, giving the paper a place in the debate. Milgram argued that ordinary people committed acts in the Holocaust because they were given orders to. Because of this normal American people could commit the acts the Nazis did if they were told to. Once the Holocaust connection was in place the experiments took a larger than life quality,† said leading Milgram scholar Arthur G Miller. Before Milgram could publish his first book about his obedience experiment it found its way onto many medias from the New York Times, Life, ABC television, and the British Press. As the experiment became more celebrated one question continued to come up ‘had Milgram mistreated his subjects? ’ Some psychologists, including Alan Elms and Bruno Bettelheim, think so after some of Milgrams subjects talked about having heart attacks and others talked about joining group therapy after the experiment. Since those reports came about the experiment has been attacked by psychologists and many others. â€Å"In Milgrams defiance,† says Parker, â€Å"Milgram would always highlight the results of post-experime ntal studies which never showed any traumatic actions. Milgram could never win the ethics argument which ultimately damaged his career. After leaving Yale for Harvard, Milgram applied for a tenured job and couldn’t get the unanimous support of his colleagues. The American Psychological Association does include Milgrams experiment in a traveling exhibition, but is careful to call it ‘controversial. As the APA points out, â€Å"Modern ethics guidelines (which in part were inspired by Milgram) would prevent the obedience studies from being reported today. † Other than the ethics issues Milgrams experiment has also been put into the category of ‘fake’. Many of the people in the lab seemed to laugh and were ‘unable to contain themselves. ’ Daniel Goldhagen, author of Hitler’s Willing Executioners, has no confidence in the idea that Milgram was studying obedience because, â€Å"All variable’s such as trust, or allowing for the w ay decisions are made in the world—over time, after consultation,† were not controlled correctly. No matter what controversy follows the experiment social psychology is not ready to let Milgram’s experiments go. Professors Lee Ross and Richard Nisbett, from Stanford and the University of Michigan believe that perhaps â€Å"people tend to do things because of where they are, not who they are. † This thought has sparked new ideas of the influence of any situation of behavior, good or bad. Milgram wrote to a friend shortly before his experiments talking of making a bad career move (which proved correctly overtime) and because of that move many think is why he died so early in life at age 51. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Obedience Summary" essay for you Create order

From the Comfort of Your Own School - 1622 Words

Somehow it seems that they are always the ones to win the spelling bees. They make other high school kids look E-L-E-M-E-N-T-A-R-Y. These students succeed because they were exposed to a better learning environment, were able to progress at their own pace, and had the freedom to choose their own studies. These kids are home schooled kids, and their style of education is more beneficial than public schooling. Home schooling is an educational system based at the home. Here, a child learns at their parents hands, sometimes by a tutor, typically on a one-to-one basis. Now, this is not all loosey-goosey like many people think and stereotype about. A home schooled child learns the same standard material just as any other public or private†¦show more content†¦Overall, a home schooler can feel more comfortable and at ease when working at their own pace, and will have a greater capacity. Being at home creates a more flexible schedule. There is no transportation required to and from s chool. Eliminating this would be extremely handy, making a huge difference on many public schoolers (especially me, who has to set aside a thirty minute drive-time to school and back every day). Also, home schooling is used by families that travel abroad. As mentioned earlier, if a kid is sick and returns to health during the day, they will not have to miss the rest of their school day. At home, there is no strictly set schedule, shring ringing bells, or shuffling between different classrooms. Home schoolers stay in one place and move on when they are ready. Plus, the teacher will be available for questions and help throughout the entire day, not restricted to just class time. This student is more likely to finish all their work, and finish it on time. At home there are typically less distractions. Other kids disturbing and disrupting the classroom with inane noises and gestures can be very distracting and harmful to an individuals learning capabilities. Home schoolers are more isol ated and focused. Less distractions equal more learning. And third, home school kids can choose their own studies. They can pursue areas of interest more in-depth, have religious freedom, and even have the option to join inShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Attending A Community College854 Words   |  4 Pagesthought about my future and where I ll be going, I thought I would be attending a university like all of my friends in high-school. I never thought I would be attending a community college. I really hated the idea of community college. I thought it was for people who had low ACT score or people who didn t really try as hard as others in school. I always tried hard in school even when things got hard I still tried my best. I never thought it would be for me until I saw the benefits of attendingRead MoreChristian Worldview Paper : I Am Today1398 Words   |  6 Pagescontributing to society. We are fruitful when we take care of our well-being. This results in a healthier, prospero us, and enhanced life. We are to multiply by investing ourselves in people and to help them flourish. My particular purpose is different from anyone else. We all play equally important roles on Earth. Many traits come together for the makings of a good counselor. Many of these are biblical traits and spiritual disciplines. Some biblical traits that I possess that are related to counselingRead MoreThe Benefits Of Having Hospice Care Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe advantages of having Hospice Care If you were terminally ill, and on the last phase of an incurable disease, would you want to spend your last final months in a cold, busy, noisy hospital room, being awakened every hour by hospital noise, or would you rather spend your last few months living your life in the comfort of your own home, with your familiar surroundings? This is why Hospice care has come into existence. Hospice care is for any ill patients, regardless of age, gender, race and nationality;Read MoreEssay of Definition-Social Pressures of School552 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Essay of Definition†-Social Pressures of School nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Parents never really give their teens enough credit these days. A teens mistake is a parents reason to bring the whole world down on us. Support and comfort may be the only thing we teens want, but it’s the only thing most of us don’t get. Being a teen is one of the hardest periods of any single persons lifetime. Among all things, school; (specifically the hallways) is generally what stems all teen anxiety andRead MoreA place called home717 Words   |  3 PagesWell I of course felt comfortable in my own home, a four bedroom house on the west side of North Miami. My home in Miami was perfect I had my own room, I was very comfortable there, and it was a place to get away from the world. Furthermore, the reason why I loved my house so much is because I had my own room. As a child I had to share rooms with my sister in a 8 broom house filled with my family until my mother decided to move out. Then I got my own room which was the best thing that’sRead MoreEssay on Teaching Assistant1155 Words   |  5 PagesChildren should be encouraged to think about risks and given more independence, so they are more likely to grow in confidence. If a child’s experiences is limited its likely that the child may find it difficult to assess and manage risks on their own .If we become to obsess about their health an safety, we may affect their learning development and abilities. Sometimes it’s good to offer them challenging environment for them to deal with risks under our observation also when a child sustain or witnessRead MoreComforting Thoughts1262 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone has their own comfort spot. By this, i simply mean a physical or emoti onal place where one identifies with his her self, and finds peace. There are infinite possible comfort spots, be it ones own bed, in a certain car, the memory of a past-time, etc. These periods of solace are a true necessity to maintaining an optimistic perspective on life. In times of stress or depressing moods, we rely on our comfort thoughts. It is because of this concept that I decided to examine these happy placesRead MoreI m Scared Of The Dentist1647 Words   |  7 PagesDon’t let your fear or anxiety get in the way of good oral health. Don’t Let Fear Wreck Your Smile We regularly meet patients who have waited too long to make their appointment due to fear. These patients often have advanced dental issues, such as serious gum disease, large amounts of decay, or teeth that have fallen out completely. While we can certainly treat these advanced problems, we would rather see you BEFORE they become large dental issues. If you have noticed a problem in your own mouth, pleaseRead More`` Showing What Is Possible, By Jacques D Amboise863 Words   |  4 Pagesdancer with help from his teachers. When it was time to retire from dancing, he started the National Dance Institute. This project enabled D’Amboise to influence his own students around the world. An influential teacher can affect one’s future by challenging pupils to move past their comfort zones, teaching them to actively control their future, and setting up an environment where they can improve together. An influential teacher often challenges students to move outside of set comfort zones. They continueRead MoreThe Truth About Elearning.Globalization And Automation1724 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization and automation are changing the way we educate in the Yakima Valley, nevertheless, our community should not promote eLearning as a good pathway for education after high school. Kurt Vonnegut, a famous American writer and World Warâ… ¡veteran said, â€Å"Computers are no more your friends, and no more increasers of your brainpower, than slot machines†¦Only well-informed, warm-hearted people can teach others things they’ll always remember and love. Computers and TV don’t do that. A computer teaches

The Special Relationship Between The Uk And The United States

‘It was only because of the â€Å"special relationship† with the USA that Britain could exert an influence on international affairs in the years 1951 to 2007. Assess the validity of this view. The â€Å"Special Relationship† between the UK and the US relates to the unusually close relationship between these two world powers that has developed over the 20th and 21st centuries. They have an incredibly tight co-operation on such a wide variety of things, ranging from trade and economics to military power, nuclear weapons and intelligence; one that is almost unprecedented in history for two separate nations. After the Second World War, when the relationship was crystallised by the term it became one as much of personal friendships as of political power; and given the closeness developed between the two nations as a result of wartime, it became a keystone of post-war politics in both countries, having significant impact in both of their subsequent histories, and also those of other nations. Some of these relationships have been iconic in their pairings: Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan; Tony Blair and George Bush; Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt (who were in fact rel ated); whilst others have been less fruitful – Anthony Eden, a man previously considered to be the authority of his time on foreign policy, having been Foreign Secretary for 30 years, had to resign as Prime Minister following the Suez Crisis and its resultant deterioration of the trust and relationship he had withShow MoreRelatedU.s. Military Relations During World War II Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesBritain and the United States have enjoyed extremely close ties in a diversity of areas, forming what has been known as the â€Å"special relationship†. This phrase, coined by Winston Churchill, underscores the military, diplomatic and economic cooperation that has existed between them ever since their successful alliance during World War II, the shared cultural and historical identity between Britain and its ex-colony, and on a smaller scale the close personal relationships that existed between some of theRead MoreThe Special Relationship Lives Between the United State s and Britain548 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States and Britain have had a â€Å"special relationship† since World War II. Winston Churchill made the expression â€Å"special relationship† it stands for the military, political and financial support that has existed between the United States and Britain ever since their partnership in World War II. The special relationship stills lives on in the United States and Britain in four key ways; military involvement, security, economy and traded. 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As a result of this seemingly strong bond between the two countries following the end of the Second World War, Sir Winston Churchill, in his Iron Curtain speech of 1946, coined the term ‘Special Relationship’ effectively summing up theRead MoreBritain And The Eu : How National Sovereignty And Eu Suprantionalism Play Out1578 Words   |  7 Pagescautious of European integration. It is widely anxious about threats to national sovereignty and identity, and its relationship with the EU has become a political football between parties who exhibit signs of pro-European a ttitudes. (Wall, 2008) As Andrew Marr (2001, 1) points out, when Britain’s are talking about Europe they are talking about â€Å"Britain’s future as a self governing state, Britain’s economy, Britain’s status as a European power, Britain’s currency and even Britain’s survivability.† AboveRead MoreThe Unite Kingdom ( Uk )1277 Words   |  6 PagesUnite Kingdom (UK) is a collection of multiple islands that is located off the northwestern coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea (The UK, 2016). Moreover, the UK has had a very robust history that began over 35,000 years ago. Currently, the UK allows its citizens to freely practice their religion of choice. Therefore, there are multiple practicing religions throughout the collection of islands. The below correspondence provides a brief history of the UK, the current andRead MoreQuestions On Legal Issues Involved1678 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide any operational sup port to SOMA due to loss in other business in UK. This was a decision taken by SI without any consent/discussion with SOMA prior to terminating the agreement. This act on part of SI is clear breach of the franchise agreement between SOMA and SI. 2. Breach of Licensing Agreement. SI had entered into a licensing agreement with Melbourne based company named High-Tech which was a legal contract between two parties. In this licensing agreement, the SI granted High-Tech the rightRead MoreThe United States Has Engaged In Numerous International1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has engaged in numerous international interventions in the Middle East. The two major events that have shaped the politics of U.S. foreign policy, Israel, and the Arab states are the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six Day War of 1967. President Eisenhower and President Johnson each took different approaches while confronting these crises. The personalities, motives and predispositions of the Presidents and their circle of closest advisors explain how they shaped their policies andRead MoreThe United Kingdom Public Law Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe United Kingdom Public Law United Kingdom Public Law Public law is the section of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government and other relationships between individuals, which directly concern the society. It comprises of constitutional law, tax law, criminal law and administrative law. In public law, compulsory rules prevail. Freedom of speech is the notion of publicly voicing one’s view without the fear of being punished or censored. In the UK, the freedomRead MoreA Speech Delivered By The Rt2228 Words   |  9 PagesSpecial Assessment Period Coursework Task 2016 A speech delivered by the Rt. Hon. Theresa May, Prime Minister The politician: Theresa May The topic of the speech: Britain’s place in the world after Brexit The location of the speech: The White House, Washington DC. The audience: White House Press Pool, British media, world media. Context: British Prime Ministers covet official visits to the United States, especially early in their premierships. The widely-printed photographs of the Prime Minister

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 20 Climbing Free Essays

The mulefa made many kinds of rope and cord, and Mary Malone spent a morning inspecting and testing the ones Atal’s family had in their stores before choosing what she wanted. The principle of twisting and winding hadn’t caught on in their world, so all the cords and ropes were braided; but they were strong and flexible, and Mary soon found exactly the sort she wanted. What are you doing? said Atal. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 20 Climbing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mulefa had no term for climb, so Mary had to do a lot of gesturing and roundabout explaining. Atal was horrified. To go into the high part of the trees? I must see what is happening, Mary explained. Now you can help me prepare the rope. Once in California, Mary had met a mathematician who spent every weekend climbing among the trees. Mary had done a little rock climbing, and she’d listened avidly as he had talked about the techniques and equipment. She had decided to try it herself as soon as she had the chance. Of course she’d never expected to be climbing trees in another universe, and climbing solo didn’t greatly appeal, either, but there was no choice about that. What she could do was make it as safe as possible beforehand. She took a coil long enough to reach over one of the branches of a high tree and back down to the ground, and strong enough to bear several times her weight. Then she cut a large number of short pieces of a smaller but very tough cord and made slings with them: short loops tied with a fisherman’s knot, which could make hand?C and footholds when she tied them to the main line. Then there was the problem of getting the rope over the branch in the first place. An hour or two’s experimenting with some fine tough cord and a length of springy branch produced a bow; the Swiss Army knife cut some arrows, with stiff leaves in place of feathers to stabilize them in flight; and finally, after a day’s work, Mary was ready to begin. But the sun was setting, and her hands were tired, and she ate and slept, preoccupied, while the mulefa discussed her endlessly in their quiet, musical whispers. First thing in the morning, she set off to shoot an arrow over a branch. Some of the mulefa gathered to watch, anxious for her safety. Climbing was so alien to creatures with wheels that the very thought of it horrified them. Privately Mary knew how they felt. She swallowed her nervousness and tied an end of the thinnest, lightest line to one of her arrows, and sent it flying upward from the bow. She lost the first arrow: it stuck in the bark partway up and wouldn’t come out. She lost the second because, although it did clear the branch, it didn’t fall far enough to reach the ground on the other side, and pulling it back, she caught it and snapped it. The long line fell back attached to the broken shaft, and she tried again with the third and last, and this time it worked. Pulling carefully and steadily so as not to snag the line and break it, she hauled the prepared rope up and over until both ends were on the ground. Then she tied them both securely to a massive buttress of one of the roots, as thick around as her own hips. So it should be fairly solid, she thought. It had better be. What she couldn’t tell from the ground, of course, was what kind of branch the whole thing, including her, would be depending on. Unlike climbing on rock, where you could fasten the rope to pitons on the cliff face every few yards so you never had far to fall, this business involved one very long free length of rope, and one very long fall if anything went wrong. To make herself a little more secure, she braided together three small ropes into a harness, and passed it around both hanging ends of the main rope with a loose knot that she could tighten the moment she began to slip. Mary put her foot in the first sling and began to climb. She reached the canopy in less time than she’d anticipated. The climbing was straightforward, the rope was kindly on her hands, and although she hadn’t wanted to think about the problem of getting on top of the first branch, she found that the deep fissures in the bark helped her to get a solid purchase and feel secure. In fact, only fifteen minutes after she’d left the ground, she was standing on the first branch and planning her route to the next. She had brought two more coils of rope with her, intending to make a web of fixed lines to serve in place of the pitons and anchors and â€Å"friends† and other hardware she relied on when climbing a rock face. Tying them in place took her some minutes more, and once she’d secured herself, she chose what looked like the most promising branch, coiled her spare rope again, and set off. After ten minutes’ careful climbing she found herself right in the thickest part of the canopy. She could reach the long leaves and run them through her hands; she found flower after flower, off-white and absurdly small, each growing the little coin-sized thing that would later become one of those great iron-hard seedpods. She reached a comfortable spot where three branches forked, tied the rope securely, adjusted her harness, and rested. Through the gaps in the leaves, she could see the blue sea, clear and sparkling as far as the horizon; and in the other direction over her right shoulder, she could see the succession of low rises in the gold-brown prairie, laced across by the black highways. There was a light breeze, which lifted a faint scent out of the flowers and rustled the stiff leaves, and Mary imagined a huge, dim benevolence holding her up, like a pair of giant hands. As she lay in the fork of the great branches, she felt a kind of bliss she had only felt once before; and that was not when she made her vows as a nun. Eventually she was brought back to her normal state of mind by a cramp in her right ankle, which was resting awkwardly in the crook of the fork. She eased it away and turned her attention to the task, still dizzy from the sense of oceanic gladness that surrounded her. She’d explained to the mulefa how she had to hold the sap-lacquer plates a hand span apart in order to see the sraf and at once they’d seen the problem and made a short tube of bamboo, fixing the amber-colored plates at each end like a telescope. This spyglass was tucked in her breast pocket, and she took it out now. When she looked through it, she saw those drifting golden sparkles, the sraf, the Shadows, Lyra’s Dust, like a vast cloud of tiny beings floating through the wind. For the most part they drifted randomly like dust motes in a shaft of sunlight, or molecules in a glass of water. For the most part. But the longer she looked, the more she began to see another kind of motion. Underlying the random drifting was a deeper, slower, universal movement, out from the land toward the sea. Well, that was curious. Securing herself to one of her fixed ropes, she crawled out along a horizontal branch, looking closely at all the flower heads she could find. And presently she began to see what was happening. She watched and waited till she was perfectly sure, and then began the careful, lengthy, strenuous process of climbing down. Mary found the mulefa in a fearful state, having suffered a thousand anxieties for their friend so far off the ground. Atal was especially relieved, and touched her nervously all over with her trunk, uttering gentle whinnies of pleasure to find her safe, and carrying her swiftly down to the settlement along with a dozen or so others. As soon as they came over the brow of the hill, the call went out among those in the village, and by the time they reached the speaking ground, the throng was so thick that Mary guessed there were many visitors from elsewhere, come to hear what she said. She wished she had better news for them. The old zalif Sattamax mounted the platform and welcomed her warmly, and she responded with all the mulefa courtesy she could remember. As soon as the greetings were over, she began to speak. Haltingly and with many roundabout phrasings, she said: My good friends, I have been into the high canopy of your trees and looked closely at the growing leaves and the young flowers and the seedpods. I could see that there is a current of sraf high in the treetops, she went on, and it moves against the wind. The air is moving inland off the sea, but the sraf is moving slowly against it. Can you see that from the ground? Because I could not. No, said Sattamax. That is the first we ever heard about that. Well, she continued, the trees are filtering the sraf as it moves through them, and some of it is attracted to the flowers. I could see it happening: the flowers are turned upward, and if the sraf were failing straight down, it would enter their petals and fertilize them like pollen from the stars. But the sraf isn’t falling down, it’s moving out toward the sea. When a flower happens to be facing the land, the sraf can enter it. That’s why there are still some seedpods growing. But most of them face upward, and the sraf just drifts past without entering. The flowers must have evolved like that because in the past all the sraf fell straight down. Something has happened to the sraf, not to the trees. And you can only see that current from high up, which is why you never knew about it. So if you want to save the trees, and mulefa life, we must find out why the sraf is doing that. I can’t think of away yet, but I will try. She saw many of them craning to look upward at this drift of Dust. But from the ground you couldn’t see it: she looked through the spyglass herself, but the dense blue of the sky was all she could see. They spoke for a long time, trying to recall any mention of the sraf wind among their legends and histories, but there was none. All they had ever known was that sraf came from the stars, as it had always done. Finally they asked if she had any more ideas, and she said: I need to make more observations. I need to find out whether the wind goes always in that direction or whether it alters like the air currents during the day and the night. So I need to spend more time in the treetops, and sleep up there and observe at night. I will need your help to build a platform of some kind so I can sleep safely. But we do need more observations. The mulefa, practical and anxious to find out, offered at once to build her whatever she needed. They knew the techniques of using pulleys and tackle, and presently one suggested a way of lifting Mary easily into the canopy so as to save her the dangerous labor of climbing. Glad to have something to do, they set about gathering materials at once, braiding and tying and lashing spars and ropes and lines under her guidance, and assembling everything she needed for a treetop observation platform. After speaking to the old couple by the olive grove, Father Gomez lost the track. He spent several days searching and inquiring in every direction, but the woman seemed to have vanished completely. He would never have given up, although it was discouraging; the crucifix around his neck and the rifle at his back were twin tokens of his absolute determination to complete the task. But it would have taken him much longer if it hadn’t been for a difference in the weather. In the world he was in, it was hot and dry, and he was increasingly thirsty; and seeing a wet patch of rock at the top of a scree, he climbed up to see if there was a spring there. There wasn’t, but in the world of the wheel-pod trees, there had just been a shower of rain; and so it was that he discovered the window and found where Mary had gone. How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 20 Climbing, Essay examples

The Indus Valley Civilization

Question: Write an essay on The Indus Valley Civilization? Answer: Introduction The Indus Valley Civilization, which is being considered as the largest of all the four ancient civilizations; the Egyptian, the Mesopotamian, the Chinese and the Indian civilization. The size of the Indus Valley Civilization is almost equal to the size of the Western Europe and it covered the area of todays India and Pakistan. The Indus valley civilization is the largest of all the civilizations that are there but the archaeologist have not known much about this civilization, mainly because the scripture of this civilization has still remained un-deciphered by the archaeologists. There was a Rosetta Stone, which was only being deciphered by the archaeologist and most of the scriptures that were there on the potteries and on the seal had remained un-deciphered. Therefore, not much is known about this civilization. Dicussion It was during the period between 1826 and 1838, when the Eastern Indian Railways was laying the railway track between Karachi and Lahore; they accidently used the ruins of this particular civilization. In the year 1912, one seal of the Harappan civilization was discovered by J. Fleet. Therefore, between the year 1921 and 1922 Sir John Hubert Marshall started the excavation campaign and this lead to the discovery of the city of Harappa. Later important Indus cities like Mohenjo-Daro, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, and the city of Madho Sarup was later discovered by the archeologiest of the same time that was led by John Marshall. The excavation team include other members like Rakhal Das Banerjee, and E J. H MacKay, who played an important role in the discovery of these other cities of the civilization. The archaeologists have divided the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan civilization into three main stages and this include the Early Harappan stage, the Mature and the Late Harappan stage. The archaeologists believe during the 3300 BC to 2800 BC there is the existence of the Early Harappan stage. It is believed that during the Early Harappan stage there was a centralize authority in the civilization. The archaeologists also believe that during this stage the urban quality of life in the Harappan civilization was of very high standard and also of improved quality as well. Along with the establishment of the trade, during this period there was also what is called, the domestication of the crop. The crops that were mainly grown during that period includes different kinds of crops such as, Peas, cotton, dates, sesame seeds and many other important stages. The Harappan civilization, from the Early Harappan stage had move towards the Mature Harappan stage, during the 2600 BC. The particular period saw the rise of the important urban centre of the Indus Valley civilization and this includes the cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Archaeologists believe that during this time almost 1052 urban centres were developed along the side of the river Indus and Ghaggar; the tributaries of these two rivers also saw, the development of these two urban centres. The excavation, of the artefacts of this particular period, made the archaeologist believe that during this time the urban culture was not only technologically advanced but at the same time it was very sophisticated as well. The Harappan civilization has a very well planned sanitation and along with the well planned sanitation there was also well planned sewerage and drainage system at the same time. The presence of the warehouse, dockyards, granaries and the brick platform prove that most o f the people in the Harappan civilization was either tradesman or artisans and they used to dwell with their belongings, in the neighbourhood. Although, the Harappan cities and the other cities in the Indus Valley civilization had some houses, which are bigger than the other houses, but then the number is very low. Hence, it can be said that during the Mature Harappan stage there was a social equality among the people. Today, there has been extensive use of the weights and the measures in the day to day life but in the ancient times it was believed that the Harappan civilization is the first civilization, which had came up with definite weights and measures. There is an approximate number of the smallest division or unit and this approximate number is said to be 1.704 mm. The use of the decimal in the Harappa and the Mohenjo-Daro civilization was used mainly for the practical purpose. The people in the Harappan civilization were scientifically enriched civilization and this was known by looking at the bricks that are found in the ruins of the Harappan civilization. The bricks have the perfect ratio of 4:2:1, and in these civilization only metals like copper, tin was used. Therefore, it is said that the Harappan people, was the first among the ancient people, who used the metallurgy techniques for producing these metals. The figures or rather the figurines that are found in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, states that the Harappan people used to, worship the Mother Goddess. The archaeologist believes that the Mother Goddess used to signify something that is equality to fertility. Moreover, in the Harappan seals there are a presence of human figure in a yoga posture, who, is surrounded by all the animals. The figure looks similar to the Indian God Pasupati, who is also being surrounded by all the animals. Lord Pasupati too is regarded as the Lord of Creatures. The Late Harappan Civilization had its beginning from the 1800 BC and till the 1700 BC almost all the cities in the Indus civilization was abandoned. Among all the reasons one of the most important reason that is being laid by archaeologists, for the destruction of the Indus Civilization, is climatic change. The experts believe that during this period the climate became cooler and along with it the climate also became drier as well. Not only the climate change was one of the most important reasons for the decline of the civilization, but then the archaeologists also believe that the River Ghaggar and the river Indus too, disappeared from the civilization and thus it is also another reason for the decline and the destruction of the civilization. The destruction and the decline of the Indus Valley civilization has many thoughts related to it and if among them one of the major thought is the natural calamity that forced the people of leave their old settlements and habitation then the other is the myth of Aryan invasion. The word Mohenjo-Daro means Mound of death, and it was named so because of the skeletal that were found in the city of Mohenjo-Daro. Therefore, the archaeologists believe that there had been some violent destruction in the city of Mohenjo-Daro, which lead to the fall of this civilization. If one have a look at the Vedic scriptures and at the Vedic Upanishads, then one will find the destruction of the walled city by Indra, in those scriptures. The archaeologist believe that the walled city is the city of Mohenjo-Daro, that was guarded by the big walls, which were prepared and constructed and prepared under the guidance of the priest in the cities, who hold the position of the highest authority in the Indus Vall ey civilization and they were being given the highest respect during the time. Although, the thoughts may differ, the archaeologists agree in one important point and that is the Harappan people moved from their settlements in a hurry, from around 1900 BC. Therefore, it can be assumed that some great calamity might have forced them to move from the river Ghaggar towards river Yamuna. Some of the Harappan population move towards the Saurashtra, and this include the people from the city of Mohenjo-Daro and also those who used to live along the side of the Sind. The other major population of the Indus civilization, move towards the peninsular and took refuge there. Conclusion The archaeologists believe that it is the city of Mohenjo-Daro, which was violently destructed. They believe that the Aryan invasion was one of the major reasons, for the destruction of the city of Mohenjo-Daro, and they state that the skeletal remnants that are found in the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro prove the fact it was violently destructed. Although, the archaeologist believe that for the destruction of the city of Mohenjo-Daro the Aryan invasion is not responsible. The problem of the Indus Valley civilization is that most of the scriptures of this particular civilization have not been deciphered yet, as a result of which, very little is known about this particular civilization. Although, scholars and the archaeologists have interpreted a lot about this civilization; but then there are not enough prove to justify those thoughts of the scholars and the archaeologist. The Indus Valley civilization still remains one of the most sophisticated and technically sound civilizations, with the presence of great work of art and artefact, and it still remains as a mystery for most of the scholars and the archaeologist. Reference Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization."Studies in People's History2, no. 2 (2015): 247-250. Rao, J.S., Bhonsle, B.R. and Kumar, B., 2016. Hindu temple cartsRathams. InEssays on the History of Mechanical Engineering(pp. 367-388). Springer International Publishing. Recchia, Gabriel L., and Max M. Louwerse. "Archaeology Through Computational Linguistics: Inscription Statistics Predict Excavation Sites of Indus Valley Artifacts."Cognitive science(2015). Korisettar, Ravi. "Book Review: Irfan Habib, Prehistory and Irfan Habib, The Indus Civilization."Studies in People's History2, no. 2 (2015): 247-250. Recchia, Gabriel L., and Max M. Louwerse. "Archaeology Through Computational Linguistics: Inscription Statistics Predict Excavation Sites of Indus Valley Artifacts."Cognitive science(2015). Rao, J.S., Bhonsle, B.R. and Kumar, B., 2016. Hindu temple cartsRathams. InEssays on the History of Mechanical Engineering(pp. 367-388). Springer International Publishing.

Formal Ethics Training in Organisations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Is Formal Ethics Training in Organisations Merely Cosmetic? Discuss. Answer: Introduction Ethics Training is imparted to the employees in order to enable them to recognize and deal with the ethical issues that develop their moral intuition. These moral intuition guide their decision making and actions in everyday life. It also aims to enable all the members of the organization to understand and apply the same code of ethics in their job related decision and are thus in sync with one another. Thus, this training enables all the employees of the organization keep in check the moral legitimacy of their work related decisions, while applying moral principles in decision making. It also promotes and enhances the alignment of the employees ethics with that of the organization. Further, this enables to foster and maintain the balance between various stakeholders of the organization. Thus, ethic training doesnt only mean training employees about the morals and ethical values of the organization, but also enabling each member of the corporate to understand and contribute to the mi ssion achievement of the company through orientation of their individual behavior and choices (Dinc and Nurovic 2016). Challenges of Ethics Training Though organizations often find it challenging to motivate their employees to take ethic training seriously, it is important to train the employees and has a big impact on business. It is argued that the employees might be competing in the organization responsibly, ethics training is essential for them as it effects organizations reputation and daily morals. Leaving ethical decision to chance can prove to be very harmful for the company. One ill conceived decision and action by an employee can affect the entire organization and its reputation in the market. Ethics training is usually less skill based and more based on setting the correct behavior pattern for the employees. Thus, it helps in assessing ones behavior while he or she is in a dilemma or in a particular situation of varying complexity so that the employee can make the right decision (Knowles 2015). However, it is argued that the employees know the answer to majority of work related dilemmas in abstract setting; however when an important decision has to be made which might affect the company in big way, they can feel pressurized. In such situations, ethic training enables the employee to take right decision based on the instilled values and positive behavior. Ethic training does not focus on helping employee solve problem in a particular way or set out the rules that shall guide his actions, but enables him to improve his thinking and decision making abilities. Hence, it aims to help employees to determine the ethical choice and implement in the most convoluted situation (Bishop 2013). Although there are texts available that lists down the ethical expectation from an employee, those texts may seem to be abstract and confusing. Those ethic acts are written in legal form and can be interpreted by lawyers rather than by employees. Further, mere reading the text may not be effective in converting the unethical employee into ethical one. Had that been the case, the moral lessons in kindergarten would have been enough to keep every individual stuck to their values and work ethically. Effective ethic training supports those texts and makes them more comprehendible for the employees. Training helps employees implement the standards of ethic act of the company in their day to day work life. Through case studies and situations, effective ethic training enables employees realize and live the goal of ethic training, which aims at improving the ethical working in the organization (Floyd et al. 2013). Beliefs of Employee regarding Ethics Training It is debated that mere knowledge of ethics is also useless unless employees believe that they are really required to implement those standards. The workplace pressure can often lead the employee to get confused about certain ethic rule set by the company in their rule book. The rules usually tell the employees what shall be done in a challenging situation. However, in a particular situation, employee may undertake questionable practice, merely out of habit rather than intentionally. However, employees may also get confused according to their respective pre conceived notion about the particular rule and thus implement it as per individual judgment. Thus, in such scenario, ethic training makes each rule clear to the employee on the same grounds and thus each employees workplace ethics is in sync with anothers. Effective training reinforces the message that the organization does not approve of any unethical practices on part of any employee and violation would result in action against them. This fear shall help employees stick to the rules of the company and adhere from unethical practices (Fornoff 2017). Importance of Ethics Training It is argued that ethics training is thus important to create and maintain the ethical culture in the organization. This also brings the ethical and unethical employees on the same platform and reinstates the belief of ethical employees in their morals and ethical practices. In case of violation of the ethics, the ethical ones get more power to report what is happening in the organization and help in taking care of the problem before it becomes too big to handle (Leroy, Palanski and Simons 2012). However, it is argued that ethical lapses in the organization tend to snowball. When employees see other employees breaking the rules without facing any repercussions, they tend to believe its okay to do so and thus follow the suit. Or the honest and ethical ones might just leave the company and the company would lose its important employee. Thus, such work culture where misconduct is tolerated, the employee turnover would be higher, the productivity would be lower and thus the companys reputation and profitability would diminish. Alternatively, organizations that build ethical work culture are more successful and have more positively motivated and productive employees (Michaelson et al. 2013). Benefits of Ethics Training Human Resource team of the company is in position to build an ethical workplace environment as they are directly involved in hiring and evaluating the employees. They can train employees and influence their behavior in organization at various levels. Managers also play important role in making sure that employees embraces companys values and ethics. It is argued that in companies where managers and top level employees do not enforce ethical behavior, employees fail to trust and respect the managers. According to the National Business Ethics Survey, senior managers are more likely to break the rules than the lower level of management. Hence, it becomes essential to train managers as well about the ethics and values pursued by the company (Fornoff 2017). After the hiring and training for employees is done, ongoing ethic training is essential to maintain high level of ethical awareness amongst the employees to overcome the situations faced by them on the job. This argument is supported by The National Business Ethics Survey findings that the companies providing ethics trainings have increased from 74 percent to 81 percent from 2011 to 2013. Other indicators of strong ethic training include the fact that two third of the total companies use ethical behavior as key performance evaluation indicator of the employees. Also companies communicate internally about disciplinary actions that shall be taken up when any wrongdoing occurs. Therefore, it is proved that it is essential for companies to impart ethic training to their employees (Warren, Gaspar and Laufer 2014). Companies also provide online ethic training which is cost effective and easier to track, however live training is easier to memorize and exercise. Different people bring different set of ethics and values in the company based on their background, training bring them all on similar platform. This is a time consuming process and evolves over few sessions of training. Howard Winkler, the project manager for ethics at Southern Co. aims at constantly changing his companys ethic training program. He does so to keep his 25000 employees aware of ethical issues in the organization. He uses various methods such as conducting contests, produce videos and use social media to train his employees. Companies also hire external speakers to conduct training sessions for the employees. Southern Co. had invited the financial officer of the major company who had served five years in federal prison for unethical practice undertaken by him. The officer sent across the message as to how a person who does not intend to set out his career to commit fraud can end up being in prison for the same. How one act of unethical practice can lead to another and at the end of the path can lead one to the prison cell. The company has also kicked off an online video series that shall impart ethic training to the front line managers so that they are equipped with the tool they require to fill in their new role (nal, Warren and Chen 2012). It is argued that there are various signs of a good person getting swept into unethical ethical behavior. These signs shall be constantly looked after to by the managers. Due to conflicting goals of the people at various levels, one might try to corner out the other. Similarly if the employees feel that the task assigned to them cannot be attained by regular course of action, they may feel pressurized to compromise on ethics and undertake unethical practices. The employees may also fear that they might not be paid back fairly for doing the right thing. In such case they may not refrain from undertaking unethical course of action. Another factor is not punishing the people for unethical practices in the organization. This promotes the wrongdoings in the company. Following everyone can lead the good person to follow unethical practices. Also with one unethical decision being accepted and gone unnoticed, the next one becomes easier and it keeps going so on. Continuous training shall hel p employees refraining from falling in this trap and prevent ones in it from falling deeper (Trevino and Nelson 2013). Ethics thus need to be taught regularly so that employees remember it at all the times. Employees shall be free to ask questions relating to ethics in the training sessions and meetings. Managers shall be equally participative in the sessions. Managers are usually the first person to control the actions of the employees. Thus they shall be trained to regulate their behavior as well to control that of their subordinates. Through constant training, managers can keep ethics in the minds of their employees at all the time and help them identify the issue in the organization as having ethical solution than they would have otherwise done. This helps in making better decisions at the right time and implementing appropriate ramification (Meinert 2017). It is argued that ethics training enables the formulation of workplace expectation along with providing thorough knowledge of its legal structure. Strong ethical training programs are well comprehensive and set a good working standard. The weak program on the other hand only sets standards for control and evaluation for performance of the employees. The weaker program has short lived benefits for the company. The employees shall deal with many other stakeholders such as bosses, clients etc which may not support ethical behavior. Thus it is important for companies to continuously improve on the training program and impart updated training modules so that employees can keep up with the changing environment. Every employee shall work ethically in the perfect environment. However, the real environment is very much different from the perfect one. Thus it impacts the behavior of the employees and they make decisions based on the available options. Paying only lip service to the ethics of t he company is likely to lower level of ethical behavior of the employees. The companies thus need to pay more attention to ethical training and lay more emphasis on their implementation to ensure employees practice high level of ethical behavior (Michaelson et al. 2013). Conclusion The studies have found that in the first year of the training, employees retain most of the lessons and refrain from unethical behavior. In second year, they could differentiate lesser between ethical and unethical behavior, however they still maintained positive benefits of the training. Thus training should also be followed up by adaptation of ethical value system inside the organization to ensure long term benefit of the training. It shall enable in adjusting the companys overall environment to contribute to the positive behavior of the employees and sustain them in long run (Verma, Mohapatra and Lwstedt 2014). References Bishop, W., 2013. The Role of Ethics in 21st Century Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3), pp.635-637. Dinc, M. and Nurovic, E., 2016. The Impact of Ethical Leadership on Employee Attitudes in Manufacturing Companies. Nile Journal of Business and Economics, 2(3), p.3. Floyd, L., Xu, F., Atkins, R. and Caldwell, C., 2013. Ethical Outcomes and Business Ethics: Toward Improving Business Ethics Education. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(4), pp.753-776. Fornoff, C., 2017. Why Ethics Training?. [online] www.illinois.gov. Available at: https://www.illinois.gov/eec/Documents/Whyethics.pdf [Accessed 4 Aug. 2017]. Knowles, T., 2015. Ethics Training. [online] Business Training Courses | Syntrio. Available at: https://www.syntrio.com/corporate-ethics-training-what-does-it-mean-and-how-can-it-help/ [Accessed 4 Aug. 2017]. Leroy, H., Palanski, M. and Simons, T., 2012. Authentic Leadership and Behavioral Integrity as Drivers of Follower Commitment and Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), pp.255-264. Meinert, D., 2017. Creating an Ethical Workplace. [online] SHRM. Available at: https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/pages/0414-ethical-workplace-culture.aspx [Accessed 4 Aug. 2017]. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M., Grant, A. and Dunn, C., 2013. Meaningful Work: Connecting Business Ethics and Organization Studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(1), pp.77-90. Trevino, L. and Nelson, K., 2013. Managing Business Ethics. 6th ed. USA: John Wiley. nal, A., Warren, D. and Chen, C., 2012. The Normative Foundations of Unethical Supervision in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), pp.5-19. Verma, P., Mohapatra, S. and Lwstedt, J., 2014. Ethics Training in the Indian IT Sector: Formal, Informal or Both?. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(1), pp.73-93. Warren, D., Gaspar, J. and Laufer, W., 2014. Is Formal Ethics Training Merely Cosmetic? A Study of Ethics Training and Ethical Organizational Culture. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(01), pp.85-117